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Minimum descriptors specific to Malus
A minimum descriptor list for Malus was proposed at the first
meeting of the ECP/GR Malus/Pyrus working group (R. Janes in L.
Maggioni et al., 1998, Report of a Working Group on Malus/Pyrus).
The proposed list was compiled using
- Characters suggested by members of the Malus/Pyrus working
group
- Results of a study on selected common cultivars in the UK, France,
Belgium and Italy
- International Board for Plant Genetic Resources - Descriptor List for
Apple (Malus), 1982
- UPOV Guidelines for the conduct of tests for distinctness, uniformity
and stability - Apple TG/14/8, 1995
Some of the suggested reference cultivars are question marked, comments
or suggestions for more suitable reference cultivars would be welcome.
Malus specific fruit descriptors
Time of fruit ripening for eating (harvest maturity)
| State |
Harvest maturity |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
very early |
Close, White Transparent? |
| 3 |
early |
Jerseymac, Paulared?, Tydemans Early Worcester? |
| 5 |
medium |
Golden Delicious, Coxs Orange Pippin? |
| 7 |
late |
Fuji, Northern Spy?, Blaxtayman?, Jonagold? |
| 9 |
very late |
Granny Smith, Rome Beauty? |
Scores of 2, 4, 6 and 8 may be used for intermediate varieties.
Crowning at calyx end of fruit
| State |
Crowning at apex |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
Absent or very weak |
Charles Ross |
| 3 |
Weak |
Coxs Orange Pippin, Beauty of Bath? |
| 5 |
Medium |
Mutsu |
| 7 |
Strong |
Red Delicious |
| 9 |
Very strong |
Coxs Pomona |
Scores of 2, 4, 6 and 8 may be used for intermediate varieties.
Fruit size
| State |
Fruit Size |
Reference Cultivars UPOV |
Reference cultivars IBPGR |
| 1 |
very small |
Golden Harvey |
Malus spp. |
| 2 |
very small to small |
Api Noir |
Api |
| 3 |
small |
Millers Seedling |
Pigeon, Beauty of Bath |
| 4 |
small to medium |
Alkmene |
Discovery, Coxs Orange Pippin |
| 5 |
medium |
Coxs Orange Pippin |
Golden Delicious |
| 6 |
medium to large |
Gravensteiner |
Holsteiner Cox, Lobo |
| 7 |
large |
Mutsu |
Belle de Boskoop |
| 8 |
large to very large |
Bramleys Seedling |
Bramleys Seedling, Mutsu |
| 9 |
very large |
Howgate Wonder |
Howgate Wonder |
Fruit shape
| State |
Fruit Shape |
UPOV Reference Cultivars |
| 1 |
globose |
Golden Noble |
| 2 |
globose-conical |
Coxs Orange Pippin |
| 3 |
broad-globose-conical |
Laxtons Fortune |
| 4 |
flat |
Court Pendu Plat |
| 5 |
flat-globose |
Bramleys Seedling, Idared |
| 6 |
conical |
Adams Pearmain |
| 7 |
narrow conical |
Kent, Norfolk Royal |
| 8 |
truncate conical |
Kidds Orange Red |
| 9 |
ellipsoid |
Spencer |
| 10 |
ellipsoid conical (ovoid) |
Summerred |
| 11 |
oblong |
Gravensteiner, Mustu |
| 12 |
oblong-conical |
Close, Catshead |
Colour of fruit skin ground (if visible)
| State |
Ground Colour |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
yellow |
Golden Delicious, Alderman?, Wyken Pippin? |
| 2 |
whitish yellow |
Transparent de Croncels, Melba?, Keswick Codlin? |
| 3 |
green yellow |
Coxs Orange Pippin |
| 4 |
whitish green |
White Transparent |
| 5 |
green |
Granny Smith |
| 6 |
orange |
Highview Pippin? |
| 7 |
red |
Baskatong? |
Amount of over colour on fruit skin
| State |
Over Colour Coverage |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
absent |
Granny Smith |
| 3 |
low |
Coxs Orange Pippin |
| 5 |
medium |
Gala |
| 7 |
high |
Spartan |
| 9 |
very high |
New Europe |
Scores of 2, 4, 6 and 8 may be used for intermediate varieties.
Over colour of the fully mature fruit skin
| State |
Over Colour |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
orange |
Egremont Russet, Alice |
| 2 |
pink |
Khoroshavka Alaya |
| 3 |
red |
Jonathon |
| 4 |
dark red |
Court Pendu Plat, Starking |
| 5 |
purple |
Spartan |
| 6 |
brown |
Lord Burghley |
Pattern of over colour on fruit skin
| State |
Over Colour Pattern |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
solid flush |
Richared Delicious |
| 2 |
striped |
Jupiter |
| 3 |
mottled |
Elstar |
| 4 |
washed out (faded) |
Gloster |
Malus specific flower descriptors
Time of beginning of flowering (10% open flowers)
| State |
Season of Flowering |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
very early |
Ein-Shemer, Anna?, Gravenstein? |
| 3 |
early |
Idared, Belle de Boskoop, Jerseymac |
| 5 |
medium |
Coxs Orange Pippin, Golden Delicious |
| 7 |
late |
Court Pendu Plat, Gloster 69, Northern Spy |
| 9 |
very late |
Feuillemorte, Spatbluhender Taffetapfel |
Scores of 2, 4, 6 and 8 may be used for intermediate varieties.
Flower colour at pre-balloon stage
| State |
Bud Colour |
Reference cultivars |
| 1 |
white |
Coxs Pomona |
| 2 |
yellowish & pink |
Herenhut |
| 3 |
light pink |
Gravensteiner |
| 4 |
dark pink |
Sylvia |
| 5 |
red |
Kidds Orange Red |
| 6 |
purple |
Rafzubin |
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